GDP growth in Africa
Africa’s gross domestic product (GDP) growth is expected to strengthen to 4.5% in 2015 and 5% in 2016 after subdued expansion in 2013 (3.5%) and 2014 (3.9%). The 2014 growth was about one percentage point lower than expected, as the global economy remained weaker and some African countries saw severe domestic problems. But the world economy is improving and if the AEO 2015 predictions are right, Africa will soon be closing in on the impressive growth levels seen before the 2008-09 global economic crisis.
There are surprising regional differences. West Africa achieved relatively high growth of 6% in 2014 despite its battle with the Ebola virus. Nigeria’s growth of 6.3% came mainly from non-oil sectors showing that the economy is diversifying. But Southern Africa’s growth fell below 3% as the key South African economy only grew by 1.5%.
On the supply side Africa’s growth has been mainly driven by agriculture, extractive industries, construction and services. On the demand side, the boost has come from private consumption and infrastructure investment.
So far African economies have been relatively resilient to the sharp fall of international commodity prices. Production has often increased despite the lower prices, and growth has also been boosted by other sectors. But if commodity prices remain low or decline further, growth shortfalls in resource-rich countries would increase as governments need to cut spending. Governments will be keeping a close watch on conditions in key markets, especially Europe and China.
In countries where inflationary pressures have eased, policy interest rates have been reduced to stimulate growth. Yet in several countries exchange rates came under pressure and central banks responded by tightening policies to stabilise exchange rates and contain inflation. Most African countries continued their prudent fiscal policies to keep budget deficits at sustainable levels. But in several countries, including oil exporters, fiscal positions weakened despite efforts to limit spending and to improve tax revenues.
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